Sleep stage recognition is crucial for assessing sleep and diagnosing chronic diseases. Deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks, are trained using grid data as input, making them not capable of learning relationships in non-Euclidean spaces. Graph-based deep models have been developed to address this issue when investigating the external relationship of electrode signals across different brain regions. However, the models cannot solve problems related to the internal relationships between segments of electrode signals within a specific brain region. In this study, we propose a Pearson correlation-based graph attention network, called PearNet, as a solution to this problem. Graph nodes are generated based on the spatial-temporal features extracted by a hierarchical feature extraction method, and then the graph structure is learned adaptively to build node connections. Based on our experiments on the Sleep-EDF-20 and Sleep-EDF-78 datasets, PearNet performs better than the state-of-the-art baselines.

Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) is a powerful tool to faithfully generate novel views for scenes with only sparse captured images. Despite its strong capability for representing 3D scenes and their appearance, its editing ability is very limited. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective extension of vanilla NeRF, named PaletteNeRF, to enable efficient color editing on NeRF-represented scenes. Motivated by recent palette-based image decomposition works, we approximate each pixel color as a sum of palette colors modulated by additive weights. Instead of predicting pixel colors as in vanilla NeRFs, our method predicts additive weights. The underlying NeRF backbone could also be replaced with more recent NeRF models such as KiloNeRF to achieve real-time editing. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves efficient, view-consistent, and artifact-free color editing on a wide range of NeRF-represented scenes.

实体对齐（EA）的目的是在不同的知识图（kgs）中找到指代现实世界中同一对象的实体。最近的研究结合了时间信息，以增强KGS的表示。暂时KGS（TKG）之间的EA的现有方法利用时间感知的注意机制将关系和时间信息纳入实体嵌入中。该方法通过使用时间信息优于先前的方法。但是，我们认为，由于大多数TKG具有统一的时间表示，因此不必学习kgs中的时间信息的嵌入。因此，我们提出了一个简单的图形神经网络（GNN）模型，并结合了时间信息匹配机制，该模型以更少的时间和更少的参数实现了更好的性能。此外，由于对齐种子很难在现实世界应用中标记，因此我们还提出了一种通过TKG的时间信息生成无监督比对种子的方法。公共数据集的广泛实验表明，我们的监督方法显着优于先前的方法，而无监督的方法具有竞争性能。

因果图作为因果建模的有效和强大的工具，通常被假定为有向的无环图（DAG）。但是，推荐系统通常涉及反馈循环，该反馈循环定义为推荐项目的循环过程，将用户反馈纳入模型更新以及重复该过程。结果，重要的是将循环纳入因果图中，以准确地对推荐系统进行动态和迭代数据生成过程。但是，反馈回路并不总是有益的，因为随着时间的流逝，它们可能会鼓励越来越狭窄的内容暴露，如果无人看管的话，可能会导致回声室。结果，重要的是要了解何时会导致Echo Chambers以及如何减轻回声室而不会损害建议性能。在本文中，我们设计了一个带有循环的因果图，以描述推荐的动态过程。然后，我们采取马尔可夫工艺来分析回声室的数学特性，例如导致回声腔的条件。受理论分析的启发，我们提出了一个动态的因果协作过滤（$ \ partial $ ccf）模型，该模型估算了用户基于后门调整的项目的干预后偏好，并通过反事实推理减轻了Echo Echo Chamber。在现实世界数据集上进行了多个实验，结果表明，我们的框架可以比其他最先进的框架更好地减轻回声室，同时通过基本建议模型实现可比的建议性能。

研究人员对科学发现多年来，研究人员已经实施了观察 - 假设 - 预测 - 实验循环的研究范式。然而，随着MEGA级和毫米科学研究的数据爆炸，有时候很难手动分析数据并提出新的假设来推动科学发现的周期。在本文中，我们介绍了一个可解释的AI辅助范式的科学发现。关键是使用可解释的AI（XAI）来帮助推导数据或模型解释和科学发现。我们展示了如何计算和数据密集型方法 - 以及实验和理论方法 - 可以无缝融合为科学研究。为了展示AI辅助科学发现过程，并为我们历史上一些最伟大的思想付出了尊重，我们展示了Kepler的行星运动和牛顿定律的普遍引力的定律可以通过基于Tycho的（可解释）的AI重新发现Brahe的天文观测数据，其作品在16-17世纪领先科学革命。这项工作还强调了可解释的AI（与黑匣子AI）在科学发现中的重要性，以帮助人类防止或更好地为未来可能发生的技术奇点做好准备。

用于检测CT肺血管造影（CTPA）图像上的肺栓塞（PES）的自动化方法是高需求。现有方法通常采用单独的步骤进行PE候选检测和假阳性去除，而不考虑另一步骤的能力。结果，大多数现有方法通常遭受高误率，以达到可接受的敏感性。本研究介绍了一个端到端的培训卷积神经网络（CNN），其中两个步骤共同优化。所提出的CNN由三个连接子网组成：1）一种用于检测包含可疑PES的多维数据集的新型3D候选提案网络，2）用于生成用于候选的固定血管对齐图像表示的3D空间转换子网，以及3）2D分类网络将转换立方体的三个横截面作为输入，消除了误报。我们使用PE挑战的20个CTPA测试数据集评估了我们的方法，在0mm，2mm和5mm定位误差下，实现了78.9％，80.7％和80.7％的灵敏度，2mm和5mm定位误差，其优于状态 - 最新方法。我们进一步在我们自己的数据集中进一步评估了我们的系统，该数据集由129个CTPA数据组成，共269个栓子。我们的系统在0mm，2mm和5mm定位误差下每卷的2个假阳性达到63.2％，78.9％和86.8％的灵敏度。

Deep learning-based methods have achieved remarkable success in image restoration and enhancement, but are they still competitive when there is a lack of paired training data? As one such example, this paper explores the low-light image enhancement problem, where in practice it is extremely challenging to simultaneously take a low-light and a normal-light photo of the same visual scene. We propose a highly effective unsupervised generative adversarial network, dubbed Enlight-enGAN, that can be trained without low/normal-light image pairs, yet proves to generalize very well on various real-world test images. Instead of supervising the learning using ground truth data, we propose to regularize the unpaired training using the information extracted from the input itself, and benchmark a series of innovations for the low-light image enhancement problem, including a global-local discriminator structure, a selfregularized perceptual loss fusion, and the attention mechanism. Through extensive experiments, our proposed approach outperforms recent methods under a variety of metrics in terms of visual quality and subjective user study. Thanks to the great flexibility brought by unpaired training, EnlightenGAN is demonstrated to be easily adaptable to enhancing real-world images from various domains. Our codes and pre-trained models are available at: https://github.com/VITA-Group/EnlightenGAN.

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.

An increasing number of public datasets have shown a marked clinical impact on assessing anatomical structures. However, each of the datasets is small, partially labeled, and rarely investigates severe tumor subjects. Moreover, current models are limited to segmenting specific organs/tumors, which can not be extended to novel domains and classes. To tackle these limitations, we introduce embedding learned from Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) to segmentation models, dubbed the CLIP-Driven Universal Model. The Universal Model can better segment 25 organs and 6 types of tumors by exploiting the semantic relationship between abdominal structures. The model is developed from an assembly of 14 datasets with 3,410 CT scans and evaluated on 6,162 external CT scans from 3 datasets. We rank first on the public leaderboard of the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) and achieve the state-of-the-art results on Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV). Compared with dataset-specific models, the Universal Model is computationally more efficient (6x faster), generalizes better to CT scans from varying sites, and shows stronger transfer learning performance on novel tasks. The design of CLIP embedding enables the Universal Model to be easily extended to new classes without catastrophically forgetting the previously learned classes.

Recent advances in self-supervised learning (SSL) in computer vision are primarily comparative, whose goal is to preserve invariant and discriminative semantics in latent representations by comparing siamese image views. However, the preserved high-level semantics do not contain enough local information, which is vital in medical image analysis (e.g., image-based diagnosis and tumor segmentation). To mitigate the locality problem of comparative SSL, we propose to incorporate the task of pixel restoration for explicitly encoding more pixel-level information into high-level semantics. We also address the preservation of scale information, a powerful tool in aiding image understanding but has not drawn much attention in SSL. The resulting framework can be formulated as a multi-task optimization problem on the feature pyramid. Specifically, we conduct multi-scale pixel restoration and siamese feature comparison in the pyramid. In addition, we propose non-skip U-Net to build the feature pyramid and develop sub-crop to replace multi-crop in 3D medical imaging. The proposed unified SSL framework (PCRLv2) surpasses its self-supervised counterparts on various tasks, including brain tumor segmentation (BraTS 2018), chest pathology identification (ChestX-ray, CheXpert), pulmonary nodule detection (LUNA), and abdominal organ segmentation (LiTS), sometimes outperforming them by large margins with limited annotations.